![]() Upon the death of Charlemagne, his sole surviving son, Louis the Pious, inherited the entire Carolingian Empire. Louis received the eastern part, which included most of present-day Germany.Charles received the western part of the empire, which included most of present-day France. ![]() Lothair received the central portion of the empire, which included parts of present-day Belgium and much of the Netherlands, some of eastern France and western Germany, most of Switzerland, and a substantial portion of Italy.Thwarted in this last effort, he died soon afterwards leaving no heirs who could dispute control over the Southern France with Charles the Bald. Pepin, however, made one last effort to secure his inheritance. When Pepin was delivered to Charles in 852 as a prisoner by the duke of Gascony, Aquitaine seemed to be firmly in Charles’ hands. Charles even suffered a serious defeat in 845 that forced him to make a temporary peace with Pepin II. The war in Aquitaine between Charles and Pepin II was a long and bitter one, primarily because Pepin had been given time to entrench himself solidly in the southern portion of this province along the borders of Gascony. After that time, for a decade he devoted his attention primarily to Pepin II. Down to 843, it was his struggle with Lothair I which claimed most of his energies, a struggle that need not concern us here. On the other hand, within his domains he had to deal with his nephew Pepin II, who was attempting to set up an independent kingdom of Aquitaine. On the one hand, in alliance with his brother, Louis of Germany, he directed his efforts against his other brother, Lothaire I, and his middle kingdom of Lorraine. These civil wars were complex in character, particularly as far as Charles the Bald, Louis’ son and heir for France, was concerned. Attempts by the emperor Louis the Pious in his last years to reorganize and bring peace to the empire, however, were to prove unsuccessful, for when he died in 840 civil wars broke out at once.
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